Lessened expression of DNA mend genes disrupts DNA fix. This can be revealed inside the determine in the 4th level in the top. (While in the figure, pink wording signifies the central job of DNA harm and defects in DNA maintenance within the progression to cancer.) When DNA mend is deficient DNA destruction remains in cells at a greater than common stage (fifth level) and brings about amplified frequencies of mutation and/or epimutation (6th degree).
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All youth ages twelve and below should be accompanied by a responsible Grownup or legal guardian throughout their check out. Some activities may possibly need adult supervision.
癌症有超過一百個種類，一般可依據癌細胞原發部位來分類，例如肺癌、乳癌等；另外能根據不同組織或細胞做以下分類：
确定治疗目标是重要的第一步。主要目标通常是治愈癌症或显著延长生命。改善患者的生活质量也是一项重要目标。这可通过为患者提供身体、社会心理和精神健康支持以及在癌症末期提供姑息治疗来实现。
如前所述，癌症源于正常细胞转变为肿瘤细胞的多阶段过程，通常从癌前病变发展 到恶性肿瘤。这些变化是一个人的遗传因素与三种外部因素相互作用的结果，外部 因素包括：
DNA maintenance inhibition is proposed to become a predominant mechanism in large steel-induced carcinogenicity. Moreover, Repeated epigenetic alterations with the DNA sequences code for smaller RNAs termed microRNAs (or miRNAs). miRNAs do not code for proteins, but can "target" protein-coding genes and reduce their expression.
由癌症引起的慢性疼痛幾乎都與癌症本身或治療過程（手術、放射線治療、化療）所持續造成的組織損傷有關。癌症患者的疼痛並沒有明顯的產生原因。許多發生嚴重疼痛症狀的癌症患者常常已經接近生命的終點，這時進行姑息疗法會是比較好的選擇。雖然社會上普遍對使用鴉片類麻醉劑的觀感不佳，但在癌末病患的治療上，主要的考量是盡量使患者感到舒適，無論使用鴉片類麻醉劑、手術或物理療法，甚至不應考慮醫療資源的支出，而要盡力使病患能得到最好的照顧。
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腫瘤較小且尚未擴散/轉移（癌細胞可被定位、手術移除，不需借助循環全身的化學藥物治療）
神經膠質瘤：由神經膠質細胞變化成腫瘤，神經膠質細胞也是最主要的一種腦細胞類型。
Disruption of only one gene can also final result from integration of genomic materials from the DNA virus 癌症 or retrovirus, bringing about the expression of viral oncogenes while in the afflicted cell and its descendants.
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神经毒性：中枢神经损伤会有偏瘫、失语、痴呆等症状，外周神经损伤有肢端感觉异常、肌无力、肌肉萎缩等表现。